WATCH THIS FIRST FROM NOBEL PRIZE SITE VIA CHUDLER AT WASHINGTON.EDU UNIVERSITY
http://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=1456
http://www.bookthink.com/bookse.htm Find the best books here
WATCH THIS FIRST FROM NOBEL PRIZE SITE VIA CHUDLER AT WASHINGTON.EDU
UNIVERSITY
http://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=1456
LET US CONSIDER THE MEMORY SPECIALISTS AT "COGNIFIT". CLICK ON THE BUTTON (GREY) TEXT ABOVE AND THE SAME BUTTON JUST BELOW WHICH WILL TAKE YOU TO "COGNIFIT" MEMORY SPECIALISTS WEBPAGES AND THEIR OWN LINKS. CLICK THESE GREY BUTTONS
BUT FIRST WHERE WILL THIS ALL GO. IT WILL GO TO A REFERENCE ABOUT COOKING ( OR SOMETHING AS SIMPLE AS EG REMEMBERING WORDS OR SEPARATELY NUMBERS IN A PROCESS KNOWN AS SHORT TERM (stm AS OPPOSED TO long term ltm) MEMORY AS DEFINED BY MILLER AT PURDUE UNIVERSITY IN 1956 AND AS DEFINED BY HEIDELBERG UNIVERSITY 1966 AS BEING STORED IN THE DNA OR RNA OF YOUR BRAIN (YOU KNOW WHAT THE GENETICISTS USE TO SEE IF YOU ARE RELATED TO A GREAT PERSON) . THE GREAT JOHN HOPKINS UNIVERSITY TEAM WHO DISCOVERED THE nature Of AMYLOID OR PLAQUE THAT COVERS THE TANGLES OF YOUR BRAIN ( The man Alzheimer did not do this but noted changes which John Hopkins Team followed upon, scientifically made a breakthrough discovery about what Alzheimer saw and the John Hopkins team recently under Dawson named the white stuff jamming and covering the nerves of the brain, amyloid a protein containing heavy metals(another sub discovery) Dr Tobin of Los Angeles in mid 2011 gave persons with memory loss an injection and they lost a lot of the hazy thinking and could answer simple questions. (lets hope we hear from Dr Tobin again. Remembering that age is not always an indicator with the biggest killer of children in the USA being Cardiac Arrest -- thought to be only for older persons???? ). BUT THAT DOES NOT MEAN THAT YOU ARE LOOSING YOUR MEMORY IF YOU HAVE THAT PLAQUE AND EVEN SO YOU CAN PRACTICE TO KEEP YOUR MEMORY INTACT.
But about brain plasticity by the experts and some neat memory tests http://www.sharpbrains.com Really good
But they do test more than seven objects of memory in their click on fun tests practice eg remember the names of more than 7 people . This is not in agreement with Purdue University and the man who defined Short Term Memory STM. Do try their tests however which are
for example gleaned from Washington Post as in case of facial recognition.
Take a look now at the symptons of injury and malfunction of Brain Brainstem area as published by Sharpbrains
http://www.neuroskills.com/brain-injury/brain-function.php
Go on and look at Sharpbrains experts explaining brain plasticity ie neuroplasticity as applied to the brain here Click here and improve your humantend do memory and they mention our early read write spell and our aging
http://www.sharpbrains.com/blog/2008/02/26/brain-plasticity-how-learning-changes-your-brain/
Summing Sharpbrains say - do click them though -
" Neuroplasticity occurs in the brain:
1– At the beginning of life: when the
immature brain organizes itself.
2– In case of brain injury: to compensate for lost functions
or maximize remaining functions.
3– Through adulthood: whenever something new is learned and
memorized
LOOK HERE AT NOBEL PRIZE SITE VIA CHUDLER AT WASHINGTON.EDU UNIVERSITY
----What is Memory Loss?? A Nobel Prize winner tells us at this site --
What is Memory Loss ??????
http://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=1456
and visit now
here
COGREHAB Computer Programs for Cognitive Rehabilitation
COGREHAB -
XP Computer Programs for Cognitive
Rehabilitation
(Note-- XP programs work with Windows 7)
Click Click Click Goto
now
http://sites.google.com/site/cogrehab/Home
See
also Neuropsych/Memory on the left menu list for a set Get Sharp, Stay Sharp.
These are
Cognitive Fitness
exercises.
See - Cambridge site link below for online live test-- sign in -- it lights up boxes in increasing amounts and asks you to remember the boxes. This is known psychological memory test and memory improve read write spell
http://cambridgebrainsciences.com/browse/memory/test/spatial-span-ladder
This is explained by the original man who defined Short term memory STM at Purdue University . His name was Miller and they use a psychological model . His team in later years and continuing today use online testing for their students PhDs and remind us of the flashing lights - remember the colours and get a free Pizza test (no one could remember
the different colours as they flashed when more than say five different colours were flashed
and the time after the flashing was increased. So different coloured lights were flashed and the number of different colours therefore lights increased and you had to remember the sequence of eg red blue orange green etc . If you remembered you were given a pizza. No person anywhere could remember seven different colours -- this showed the definition of Short Term Memory STM -- simply where the memory ceased to remember more than say five colours due to memory decay (in all human beings ) as either the memory or thing being remembered was discarded or PASSED into LONG TERM MEMORY LTM
This point is lost by many professionals and lay people but is followed by Cognitive Science Experts . Short Term Memory by definition is just that and what is being remembered is either discarded or stored in different parts of the brain . These sites are being discovered all the time and include the Brainstem AmyGladia Frontal Lobe etc
So we are improving our STM and LTM but often our STM (dont let others fool you)
is the thing involved in these exercises
Have a look at the PIZZA test
http://www.oocities.org/mcarlbev/index1f.html
Hey -- you just might want to browse for any book with this brilliant site that includes amazon and all the outlets in USA etc at very very good prices and find that rare book as well
http://www.bookthink.com/bookse.htm
now do your own flashing test here
http://cambridgebrainsciences.com/browse/memory/test/spatial-span-ladder
Just for a quick test and enjoyment do this test now Very good
click now http://www.cambridgebrainsciences.com/browsrye/reasoning/test/grammatical-reasoning
Hey try this fun test and click on some of the others
http://www.brainmetrix.com/math-problems/
Same people. This cognitive training game has been on my site for years but as a standalone program .Do not get bored with these. Rehearse. As it says it is cognitive training
http://www.brainmetrix.com/cognitive-training/
This by same people It is a psychological test which needs you to stare at the centre and see the flashing squares Then click the squares which the computer flashed. Get it correct Practice . It is a founding memory test but relax and fun too
http://www.brainmetrix.com/memory-test/
Click all links below - they are very good
Beat human memory loss at any age. Improve human memory at any age. The first things we do seriously ourselves is read write spell and this is our memory storage system in use- that is to say we are storing those words in our memory DNA and RNA . Do not stop now even if you are thirty or over 90
y
(advert begin)
http://www.submitstart.com Really good includes Google and Yahoo-Bing
"http://www.scrubtheweb.com/ Free SEO Tools to submit and analyse your website free
<a href="http://www.addme.com/submission/free-submission-start.php">Search Engine Submission - AddMe</a>
http://www.addme.com/meta-tag-reader-thankyou.htm
http://www.netmechanic.com/products/HTML_Toolbox_FreeSample.shtml
http://searchsight.com/listing.htm?Link=http://memmymem.weebly.com
(advert end)
THESE AUTHORS HERE MENTIONED AND LINKED BELOW AT COGNIFIT.COM GET TO THE THE POINT OF SHORT TERM MEMORY OR STM HERE AT THIS LINK
http://www.cognifit.com/science/daily-brainfunctions/memory-training SEE HOW IT IS SIMPLY REFERRED TO AND WHY IS PRACTICE AT SIMPLE EXERCISES LIKE REMEMBERING WORDS AND DOING SIMPLE CHORES IMPORTANT AS SEEN BY THESE AUTHORS
http://www.cognifit.com/science/didyou-know/neurons
AND TAKE A LOOK AT THESE PLACES FOR TESTING
http://cambridgebrainsciences.com/browse/memory/test/spatial-span-ladder
http://cambridgebrainsciences.com/
http://eliteminds.com.au/Products/Cognifit-Personal-Coach/Pricing.aspx
http://lifesciassoc.home.pipeline.com/
Now download a specific Zip file from Lifescience Associates ( Cogdemo )
{{ Here is a very good free zip unzip Application download now-- http://wisedownloads.com/go/7zip/?subid=%207zip&source=google_7Zip-Display-ZIP-AU-Banner_336x280&gclid=CO-SlNigmKwCFckF4god2gK2Nw }}
continue now with your memory
These are New York based world leaders
Get GSSS demo file here http://lifesciassoc.home.pipeline.com/
and download the zip file among others called (Get Sharp Stay Sharp) There are other files you can and will probably download now or later and they are excellent .
YOU DO THIS BY GOING TO THE WEBSITE LISTED HERE AND WHEN AT WEBSITE YOU WILL SEE AT SIDE -NEUROPSYCH/-- CLICK ON THIS AND THIS WILL BRING UP A PAGE THEN CLICK ON WHERE IT SAYS '''CLICK HERE'' TO ACCESS FULL DESCRIPTIONS AND SOFTWARE. NOW GWRR GSSS DEMO AND PUT IN A FOLDER. UNZIP OR SOME PROGRAMS WILL RUN FROM WITHIN THE ZIPPED FILE.
GET OTHER FILES AT THIS SITE LATER. ALL ARE VERY GOOD BY EXPERTS.
http://lifesciassoc.home.pipeline.com/
files you can download.
It (GSSS) contains these tests
Run them for yourself and remember to watch the centre of the screen.
These are old valuable tests modernised for computer. Allow Windows 7 to adapt XP programs See help in Windows 7 -- Windows 7 has no problem in running XP program and is set up to run them.
GET SHARP
STAY SHARP is the name of this file here http://lifesciassoc.home.pipeline.com/ (( click on the side of this web page to {Neuro/psych memory } and this will take you to a page where you can click onto (DEMO)-- Do click onto demo This is top memory people and leaders in their field of mind rehabilitation , even developing driving tests for New York and used by medical and associated specialists in memory improvement worldwide. Do these free download tests and relax and just simply enjoy them or aid a relative.
Life Science Associates, 2007
Written by Michael J. Beran, Ph.D.
The tests in this program
http://lifesciassoc.home.pipeline.com
allow you to train and test yourself on a variety of basic cognitive tasks. These tasks rely on perception, attention, inhibition, planning, learning, and memory. After finishing each short test, you will see how you performed.
Please email us with any questions or comments on the use of these programs at [email protected] {click Neuro psych/memory at side of thos homepage then click demo. ((( Return to Homepage of this site and click individual subjects at side and they will have their own demo test programs which are excellent or explanations alone.)))
See the next pages for additional information about the choice screens for choosing tests, how all of the tests in this program work (click on the test name to jump to full description), and about the diary information for long-term evaluation of performance.
PLEASE NOTE: This is a demo version of the program, and so some features are limited. Specifically, the numbers of trials or tests that you can set are limited, and the diary function is not available (although an example diary is provided for you to view). In the full version, your performance for each of the tests can be stored so that you can see improvements over time. Your diaries could be updated each time you completed a task and chose to save the data. An example of a diary can be viewed as well (see second image below). In the full version, you also can print any of the summary screens for all programs if you want to keep copies of your performance.
When the program begins, you will see a screen like the one above. If you click on the green test buttons, one of the tests will begin. More descriptions of the tests are on the next page. If you click on the button that says the screen will change to the one below, which shows you the diaries that are available in the full program. There is also an example diary (orange button) that shows you one possible diary.
http://lifesciassoc.home.pipeline.com
Perception and Attention Tests:Signal Detection
Paying Attention
Stroop
1 Memory Tests: List Memory
Maze Learning
Compass Orientation
Motor Tests:Alphabet Typing
===========================================================
Signal Detection
This task assesses the ability of participants to detect a signal in a background of noise. One letter will be designated as the target and another as the distractor. The user has to decide whether he or she saw the target at any time during the trial. At the end of the session, performance is displayed in terms of response frequency.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Paying Attention
Typically, if two visual items are presented too close together in time, the second item will rarely be perceived because of attentional allocation to the first item in the list. In this test, the participant watches as a series of letters are presented in the center of the computer screen. After each sequence, the person must indicate whether she or he had seen the letter e both letters, or neither letter. Across trials, the \between the letters F and K (when both present) will vary from one position up to five positions.
At the end of the session, performance will be presented for each trial type in terms of which letter or letters were presented (F only, K only, both, and neither) and on the basis of the distance between the letters when they were both present.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stroop
The Stroop task illustrates the difficulty in inhibiting responses to words because they are processed automatically. The task itself is simple: Identify the color of a word or string of letter presented on the screen. However, when those letters make up a word that is incongruous with the color of the letters themselves (e.g., BLUE), more errors occur and response time is slower even when correct responses are made.
Participants see words and strings of letters in 3 colors: red, blue, and green. There are three conditions. The control condition presents a non-word stimulus in one of the three colors. The congruent condition consists of a word in its font color (e.g., RED )
The incongruent condition consists of a word in a different font color (e.g., GREEN ).
At the end of the session, performance is compared across the three conditions in terms of percentage of trials correct and mean response time for correct responses.\par
This task assess how well you notice things on the screen and make the appropriate response to different things. Sometimes, you need to inhibit a response.
You will watch as different images appear on the screen. You choose whether you are looking at letters or shapes. In each case, one image will be designated as the one you should respond to by pressing the space bar. The other image is one that you should ignore by not doing anything. You can also set whether the images appear only in the center of the screen or anywhere on the screen. When the positive image appears (the one you are supposed to respond to), you should press the space bar as quickly as possible.
Memory
Working Memory is a flexible system for the processing and manipulating of information. However, the system is limited in its resources, and therefore individuals will have a limit to the amount of material that they can maintain and use.
[[[Take a quick look at Purdue University where the man Miller who defined Short Term Memory STM in 1956 and is a world leader in the psychology of memory
take a look now http://www.oocities.org/mcarlbev/index1f.html ]]]
continue below now
To demonstrate this,-- the List Memory test ---requires participants to read and confirm or disconfirm the truthfulness of simple math problems and then to read and remember a serial list of short words.
Participants are presented with a series of trials in which they first indicate whether a presented arithmetic problem is true or false. After indicating the answer, they are presented with a single word on the screen for 1 second. The next arithmetic problem then is presented and this continues until either 2, 4, 6, or 8 words have been presented. Then, all of the words in the list are presented, and the participant must select each word in the exact order that they had been presented during the arithmetic problem.
At the end of the experiment, performance is displayed as a function of each list length, as well as performance on the arithmetic problems (typically, the test is only valid if arithmetic performance is at least 80% correct) and a total Memory score (higher scores mean better performance).
=========================
Maze Learning
This is a memory task for spatial information. In this experiment, the participant will complete a set number of two-choice mazes. At each choice point, the participant will choose either left or right. If correct, the maze will continue. If incorrect, and the maze must be restarted, and the user must remember all of the correct choices previously made to get to that spot in the maze again.
The user can set the number of mazes to be completed, and the number of turns in each maze.
At the end of the session, performance (percent correct) is displayed for each trial. An efficiency score also is provided that reflects the percentage of responses that were correct on re-attempts at the maze for choice points already experienced. In other words, this score reflects the strength of memory for choice points already completed.\
===============
Compass Orientation
At the start of each trial, you will see a compass in the middle of the screen and you will be told to imagine that you are facing North. You will then be told to pretend to turn your body either 90 degrees, 180 degrees, or 270 degrees to either the left or the right. You will keep getting these instructions for some number of turns that you set, and each instruction will stay visible for the time that you set. At the end, you will be asked to click on the compass at the direction (N, S, E, or W) that you think you would be aiming at the end of the trial. Then, the next trial will begin.
=======================
Alphabet Typing
You will complete two different sequences of typing. You will be instructed to either type all of the letters of the alphabet from A to Z in a forward direction or in a backward direction. You should use only one finger during this task. You should try to type the whole sequence as fast as possible on each trial.
You set the number of sequences that you will do with EACH sequence, forwards and backwards.
Now Download from Lifescience Associates (Giannotsus ) from above link
==================================================
continuing
now do these online tests (sorry not anymore but)
This is Bracy -- world leader in cognitive rehabilitation. I have promoted
their site for years and sadly there are no freebie tests or
practices
They have (over) modernised . I promoted them with over 70 to
100,000
hits to my yahoo geocities site
here
http://www.oocities.org/mcarlbev
This is my archived site
But if you are serious or want software Gianotsus and Bracy are
used by
the best rehabilitation professionals
Check out Bracy here
http://www.neuropsychonline.com/
http://www.psychological-software.com/com.html
http://www.challenging-our-minds.com/register/index.html
Phone Bracy (neuropsychonline) -work online- for Billing arragements eg monthly or otherwise
And you can buy Software which is not cheap
Phone
USA
0011-1-317-257-9672
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUT DO NOT MISS downloading and running Life Science Associates Zip files from their link. Dont forget to make a folder folder in your "downloads or documents area and unzip and run Lifescience file here
cogsci
http://www.neuroscience.cnter.com/pss/psscogrehab.html
GET THEIR FREE DEMOS AND THEIR SOFTWARE CAN BE BOUGHT AT
A REASONABLE COST --THEY TOO ARE WORLD LEADERS
---------------------------------
You can purchase some excellent software here which is on special at moment
http://www.ultimatememory.com/?gclid=CJm3-tObkqwCFQwY4god4xWVlw
And memory is related ver closely to spelling and literacy , very very closely
take a quick look here
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp058328
advert
http://www.shutterstock.com
http://news.netcraft.com/
http://www.freewebsubmission.com/link.html
http://add.beamed.com/submit/analyzer/index.html
end advert
continue
SEE HERE
BUT FIRST WHERE WILL THIS ALL GO
http://cognifit.com/brain-plasticity-and-cognition or click on http://cognifit.com and then click onto brain plasticity . This will give same result. Then on brain plasticity page
click on "neurons" which is highlighted in the text or go here http://www.cognifit.com/science/didyou-know/neurons and see reasons for training the brain
Remember first go to http://cognifit.com/brain-plasticity-and-cognition and then goto http://cognifit.com
http://cognifit.com/brain-plasticity-and-cognition
The Brain Plasticity And Cognition
Part 1: structure and organization subject:
"Brain plasticity refers to the capacity of the nervous system to change its structure and, its function over a lifetime, in reaction to environmental diversity. Although this term is now commonly used in psychology and neuroscience, it is not easily defined and is used to refer to changes at many levels in the nervous system ranging from molecular events, such as changes in gene expression, to behavior."[1] Three main forms of plasticity are described below: synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis and functional compensatory processing.
Synaptic plasticity
When engaged in new learning and experience, the brain establishes neural pathways. Neural pathways or circuits are routes made of inter-communicating neurons. These routes are created in the brain through learning and practice; much like a mountain path is created through daily use of the same itinerary by a shepherd and his herd. The neurons in a neural pathway communicate with each other at a meeting point, the synapse. Every time new knowledge is acquired (through repeated practice), synaptic communication or transmission is enhanced among implicated neurons. Better inter-neuron communications means that electrical signals travel more efficiently along the new pathway. For example, when trying to recognize a new bird, new connections are made among specific neurons. Neurons in the visual cortex will note the color of its throat, while others in the auditory cortex will attend to its particular call and yet others, to the bird name. To know the bird, its name and its attributes, color, song and name are repeatedly attended to. Revisiting the neural circuit and re-establishing neuronal transmission between the implicated neurons at each new attempt enhances the efficiency of synaptic transmission. Communication between the relevant neurons is facilitated, cognition made it faster and faster. Synaptic plasticity is perhaps the pillar on which the brain's amazing malleability rests.
Neurogenesis
Whereas synaptic plasticity is achieved through enhancing communication at the synaptic site between existing neurons, neurogenesis refers to the birth and proliferation of new neurons in the brain. For a very long time the notion of continued neuronal birth in the adult brain was considered heretic. Scientists believed that neurons died and were never substituted by new ones. Since 1944, but mostly in recent years the existence neurogenesis has become scientifically established and we know that it occurs when stem cells, a special type of cell located in the dentate gyrus, the hippocampus and possibly in the pre-frontal cortex, divide into two cells: a stem cell and a cell which will become a neuron fully equipped with axon and dentrites. Those new neurons will then migrate to even distant areas of the brain where they are needed and thus have the potential to allow the brain to replenish its supply of neurons. From animal and human research it is known that sudden neuronal death (for example after stroke) is a potent trigger for neurogenesis.
Functional Compensatory Plasticity
The neurobiological decline that accompanies aging is well documented in the research literature and explains why older adults perform worse than young adults on tests of neurocognitive performance. Surprisingly, not all older adults exhibit lower performance. Some achieve as well as their younger counterparts. This unexpected behavioral advantage for a sub-group of aging individuals has been scientifically investigated and it was found that, when processing new information, higher performing older adults recruit the same brain regions as do the younger adults, but, also recruit additional brain regions that young and low performing older adults do not activate. Researchers have pondered on this over-recruitment of brain regions in high performing older adults and have generally reached the conclusion that recruitment of additional cognitive resources refiects a compensatory strategy. In the presence of age-related deficits and decreased synaptic plasticity which accompany aging, the brain, once again manifests its multi-source plasticity by re-organizing its neurocognitive networks. Studies show that the brain reaches this functional solution through the activation of alternative neural pathways, which most often activate regions in both hemispheres (when only one is activated in the younger adults).
Part 2: function and behavior
Learning, experience and the environment
We have seen that plasticity is the property of the brain which allows it to alter its biological, chemical and physical properties. However, as the brain changes, function and behavior are modified in a parallel course. In recent years we have learnt that cerebral alterations at the genetic or synaptic levels are brought about by a wide variety of environmental and experiential factors. New learning is at the heart of plasticity and an altered brain is perhaps the most tangible manifestation that new learning has occurred, which was made available by the environment. New learning occurs in many forms and for many reasons and at any time during our lifetime. For example, children acquire new knowledge in vast quantities and their brain changes significantly at these times of intensive new learning. New learning may also be required in the presence of neurological damage caused, for example through lesions or stroke, when the functions supported by a damaged brain area are impaired, and must be learnt anew. New learning can be intrinsic to the individual and guided by the thirst for knowledge. The multiplicity of circumstances for the occasion of new learning raises the question of whether the brain will change whenever it is learning something. Research suggests that this is not the case. It appears that the brain will acquire new knowledge, and thereby actualize its potential for plasticity, if the new learning is behaviorally appropriate. In order for learning to physiologically mark the brain, that learning must lead to changes in behavior. In other words new learning must be behaviorally relevant and necessary. For example new learning which ensures survival will be integrated by the organism and adopted as behavior and, as a result, the brain will have changed. Perhaps more important is the extent to which a learning experience is rewarding. For example, new learning in the form of interactive play is especially conducive of brain plasticity and was found to increase PFC activity. Also, in this context of incentive provision, we will note the time-old tradition of providing children with reinforcement and reward while they engage in learning.
Understanding the conditions for inducing plasticity
When, in the life span is the brain most likely to change when exposed to stimulation in the environment? It seems that plasticity patterns are different at different ages and much is still unknown regarding the interaction between the type of plasticity-inducing activity and the age of the subject. Nevertheless, we know that intellectual and mental activity induce brain plasticity when applied to healthy older adults or to older adults with a neurodegenerative disorder. More importantly, it appears that the brain is amenable to both positive and negative change even before the organism's birth. Animal studies show that when pregnant mothers are placed in enriched and stimulating environments, the offspring's synapse number increase in specific brain regions. Conversely, when light stress is applied to the pregnant mothers, her offspring later displayed a reduced PFC number of neurons. In addition, it appears that the PFC is more responsive to environmental influences than the rest of the brain. These findings have important implications for the "nature" vs. "nurture" debate, as it would appear that "nurture" may induce changes in neuronal gene expression. How does brain plasticity evolve and what is the effect of the length of time environmental stimulation is applied? This is a very important question for therapeutic issues and genetic animal research offers the very seminal answers that some genes are affected at even the shortest stimulation span, additional genes continue to be affected with longer stimulation span, while yet others undergo no change at all or reverse the changing trend. Although the mainstream use of the word plasticity carries a positive connotation, plasticity refers to all the ways the brain changes, and some of the changes may co-occur with impaired function and behavior. Cognitive training seems ideal for inducing cerebral plasticity. It provides the systematic practice necessary for establishing new neural circuits and for strengthening the synaptic connections among the neurons in the circuit. However, as we have seen, in the absence of a tangible behavioral benefit, the brain will not learn effectively.
Thus, the importance of integrating highly personalized and relevant goals with the training cannot be overstated
We learn to spell by placing in a column five words of similar length and sound and sometimes an extra word to test our memory. You must use your brain and think of its health. You have to think in terms of memory loss, your brains health and as well, the ability to check your spelling [spell check or spell bee]. Take another look at those brain pictures . But what is memory. What is Short Term Memory STM as defined for the first time by the man Miller at the University of Purdue. Here they pursue the study of memory almost every year often telling their PhD students to study variations of words and seeing how the public to responds onlineto their interractive simple tests .What kinds of words or parts of words and how many or much can be recalled . It doesnt matter to us, beyond getting the bigger picture, except to say that the words tested are, according to Heidelberg University stored in the stuff that makes the building blocks of our cells including Brain cells. This is called RNA and DNA and the neuroscientists and Cognitive psychologists tell us the that different parts of the brain using the memories in the RNA and DNA interreact and store these words or pictures . Thus this can be Short Term STM and Long Term LTM memory. Which areas of the brain carry out this storage is known but new areas are discovered everyday . Science is discovering new features of how , what why and where of these parts of the brain and doing away with older ideas. Lets look again at defining or discovering our memory being Short Term memory STM It is defined here by psychologists and this is the original logic of Miller of Purdue University It is [in the discovery of STM] recognised by the eg John Hopkins team who in their turn discovered the attack on the brain structures and hence RNA and DNA by the amyloid plaque and this being cause of Alzheimers This John Hopkins team recognises as valid the study or Logic by Miller and and the fact that memory drops off after so many seconds [decays]
http://www.oocities.org/mcarlbev/index1f.html
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Look HERE
LOOK LOOK
LOOK
THIS IS ORIGINAL Lifescience (Giannotsus programs with really good demos. They do help you and you can use them The Giannotsus programs and themselves were the leaders along with Bracy with cognitive rehabilitation and included testing eg for motor vehicle driving etc in New York . Their programs are used world wide so do not be decieved by their apparrent simplicity These are world authorities in testing)) ))
COGREHAB Computer Programs for Cognitive Rehabilitation
COGREHAB - XP Computer Programs for Cognitive Rehabilitation
Click Click Click Goto now
http://sites.google.com/site/cogrehab/Home
See also Neuropsych/Memory on the left menu list for a set Get Sharp, Stay Sharp. These are
Cognitive Fitness exercises.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
.We start with the simplest words.You might look through the dictionary or any book of words such as, memory loss, or even the billboards and find for example:fan It's those extra words that start to test anyones memory.Your list of five words will eventually include words like brought bought caught court now the fifth word is hard to find. Can you find one word to make up the five? Can you at the end of the day spell each group of words unaided..
TRY THIS FROM "AOL online". It is American USA SAT vocabularly tests--DO NOT TAKE FRIGHT HERE---JUST HAVE A LOOK AND RETURN IF YOU LIKE--IT TESTS MEMORY IN SOME WAY AND LITERACY/ILLITERACY??--DONT LOOSE FOCUS--USE THE DOWNLOADS--BUT THIS CAN HELP --BUT IS COMPLEX--ONLINE http://www.vocabulary.com now AND AGAIN READING IS SAID TO BE CALLED A THING KNOWN AS "GUESSING" [They call it psycholinguistic guessing ] This involves phonics and phonemes which will be expanded upon. SOME ACADEMICS SAY THAT THE PERSON HAVING PROBLEMS WITH READING ACTUALLY FUNCTION USING THE OTHER SIDE OF THE BRAIN TO WHAT IS USED IN THE USUAL LEARNING MEMORISING PROCESS [ALWAYS REMEMBERING THAT LATEST RESEARCH SAYS THAT WHERE THE BRAIN PROCESSES WORDS DIFFERS AS THE PERSON AGES AND GOES TO UNEXPECTED PLACES IN THE BRAIN . THAT IS EG THE SITE OF THE BRAIN THAT MIGHT BE FOR "EXCITEMENT" PROCESSES THE WORDS SEEN OR SPOKEN WHEN IN FACT IT IS NOT MEANT TO. THIS CHANGING PLACES OF THE PARTS OF THE BRAIN USED IN PROCESSING WORDS GOES ON UNTIL FINAL MATURITY AT ABOUT AGE 27 TO 30 YEARS, WHEN IT SETTLES DOWN INTO THE USUALLY UNDERSTOOD BY OLDER THEORYS PLACES IN THE BRAIN THAT ARE EXPECTED TO PROCESS THE WORDS --THIS IS WORLD BREAKING RESEARCH AND COUNTS AS ONE OF THE MAJOR DISCOVERIES OF OUR TIMES ] ---//// --Take a look now at a site that offers alternative learning process and explains its why's and how's very well
Watch how these people logically explain. BUT DO REMEMBER THAT THE BRAIN SHOULD ONLY RECALL ABOUT 7 EASY WORDS MAXIMUM AND FIVE ON AVERAGE [ as discovered and experimented with at Purdue University USA ] This is the site that offers this alternative way. HERE http://www.makingthegrade.net HERE And take a look here at the PHONETIC way of thinking and societal effects OF ILLITERACY as viewed in New England Medical Journal http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp058328 NOW--Take a look at that plaque called amyloid [see picture above] which helps to cause Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Huntingtons diseases . memorise literacy Plaque brain
In August 2002 MSN.COM put the latest research on its frontpage. The research was about a test for Alzheimers Disease [or even just forgetting] and stated that the best way to test for the Alzheimers Disease was to use verbal [spoken] words The test involved asking a person to remember [ , memory loss, ] 15 words and recall those words 20 minutes later. This test is the California Verbal Test. It is a little tough In some way this California Verbal Test contradicts the idea seen and published in Time May 2001 where Nuns who were shown to have Alzheimer related brain cells [they allowed research on their brain after they died at an old age] The nuns were shown they volunteered] to remember words and data despite their having Alzheimers. That Verbal test report by MSN was first published possibly in Nature magazine[online] but as seen was on frontpage at MSN.com. It goes to show though, that the simple spelling tester[above] and software like memotest.zip etc here on this page and next does help Now refer to the original site above re online testing [shutdown]and mentioned above. This university site discusses this kind of testing in simple terms eg words of similar sounds are harder to remember when spoken or written near one another, or words with many many consonants increase the degree of difficulty of being able to remember a word [the actual test online is not available but see explanation at site --other more complex tests are seen but ignore Just read explanation and explore this place]. Similarly Nature magazine has published an article by British scientists who in turn say we can regenerate brain cells by making our brains work at mental [can be combined with physical] work eg learning something or a course or a spelling list over a period of time, though the suggestion is that we need to be doing something that motivates us such as a course or something similar. As well clik onto "life Science Asoociates" on this page and also[separately] download psychprac.zip from ftp to test yourself [repeat "psychprac.zip" from ftp search at http://www.ftpsearchengines.com ftpsearchengines.com CLIQQQ NOW and "cogdemo.zip" from Lifescience Associates]. http://zone.msn.com/en/root/default.htm type in zone.msn.com/en/root Clikq Now Games 47 of them at MSN-- but get downloads first and visit sites
advert begins
http://websitesubmit.hypermart.net/free/submit.cgi
http://www.addme.com/submission/free-submission-start.php">Search
manually submit free to over 150 sites and check your website or create eg meta tags with latests ideas. Very Smart Ckick Here http://submission.beamed.com/submit/index.shtml
Everthing for your website including CNN News etc etc weather etc and then more
http://www.trafficzap.com/webmasters.php
advert en
http://cognifit.com/brain-plasticity-and-cognition
The Brain Plasticity And Cognition
Part 1: structure and organization subject:
"Brain plasticity refers to the capacity of the nervous system to change its structure and, its function over a lifetime, in reaction to environmental diversity. Although this term is now commonly used in psychology and neuroscience, it is not easily defined and is used to refer to changes at many levels in the nervous system ranging from molecular events, such as changes in gene expression, to behavior."[1] Three main forms of plasticity are described below: synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis and functional compensatory processing.
Synaptic plasticity
When engaged in new learning and experience, the brain establishes neural pathways. Neural pathways or circuits are routes made of inter-communicating neurons. These routes are created in the brain through learning and practice; much like a mountain path is created through daily use of the same itinerary by a shepherd and his herd. The neurons in a neural pathway communicate with each other at a meeting point, the synapse. Every time new knowledge is acquired (through repeated practice), synaptic communication or transmission is enhanced among implicated neurons. Better inter-neuron communications means that electrical signals travel more efficiently along the new pathway. For example, when trying to recognize a new bird, new connections are made among specific neurons. Neurons in the visual cortex will note the color of its throat, while others in the auditory cortex will attend to its particular call and yet others, to the bird name. To know the bird, its name and its attributes, color, song and name are repeatedly attended to. Revisiting the neural circuit and re-establishing neuronal transmission between the implicated neurons at each new attempt enhances the efficiency of synaptic transmission. Communication between the relevant neurons is facilitated, cognition made it faster and faster. Synaptic plasticity is perhaps the pillar on which the brain's amazing malleability rests.
Neurogenesis
Whereas synaptic plasticity is achieved through enhancing communication at the synaptic site between existing neurons, neurogenesis refers to the birth and proliferation of new neurons in the brain. For a very long time the notion of continued neuronal birth in the adult brain was considered heretic. Scientists believed that neurons died and were never substituted by new ones. Since 1944, but mostly in recent years the existence neurogenesis has become scientifically established and we know that it occurs when stem cells, a special type of cell located in the dentate gyrus, the hippocampus and possibly in the pre-frontal cortex, divide into two cells: a stem cell and a cell which will become a neuron fully equipped with axon and dentrites. Those new neurons will then migrate to even distant areas of the brain where they are needed and thus have the potential to allow the brain to replenish its supply of neurons. From animal and human research it is known that sudden neuronal death (for example after stroke) is a potent trigger for neurogenesis.
Functional Compensatory Plasticity
The neurobiological decline that accompanies aging is well documented in the research literature and explains why older adults perform worse than young adults on tests of neurocognitive performance. Surprisingly, not all older adults exhibit lower performance. Some achieve as well as their younger counterparts. This unexpected behavioral advantage for a sub-group of aging individuals has been scientifically investigated and it was found that, when processing new information, higher performing older adults recruit the same brain regions as do the younger adults, but, also recruit additional brain regions that young and low performing older adults do not activate. Researchers have pondered on this over-recruitment of brain regions in high performing older adults and have generally reached the conclusion that recruitment of additional cognitive resources refiects a compensatory strategy. In the presence of age-related deficits and decreased synaptic plasticity which accompany aging, the brain, once again manifests its multi-source plasticity by re-organizing its neurocognitive networks. Studies show that the brain reaches this functional solution through the activation of alternative neural pathways, which most often activate regions in both hemispheres (when only one is activated in the younger adults).
Part 2: function and behavior
Learning, experience and the environment
We have seen that plasticity is the property of the brain which allows it to alter its biological, chemical and physical properties. However, as the brain changes, function and behavior are modified in a parallel course. In recent years we have learnt that cerebral alterations at the genetic or synaptic levels are brought about by a wide variety of environmental and experiential factors. New learning is at the heart of plasticity and an altered brain is perhaps the most tangible manifestation that new learning has occurred, which was made available by the environment. New learning occurs in many forms and for many reasons and at any time during our lifetime. For example, children acquire new knowledge in vast quantities and their brain changes significantly at these times of intensive new learning. New learning may also be required in the presence of neurological damage caused, for example through lesions or stroke, when the functions supported by a damaged brain area are impaired, and must be learnt anew. New learning can be intrinsic to the individual and guided by the thirst for knowledge. The multiplicity of circumstances for the occasion of new learning raises the question of whether the brain will change whenever it is learning something. Research suggests that this is not the case. It appears that the brain will acquire new knowledge, and thereby actualize its potential for plasticity, if the new learning is behaviorally appropriate. In order for learning to physiologically mark the brain, that learning must lead to changes in behavior. In other words new learning must be behaviorally relevant and necessary. For example new learning which ensures survival will be integrated by the organism and adopted as behavior and, as a result, the brain will have changed. Perhaps more important is the extent to which a learning experience is rewarding. For example, new learning in the form of interactive play is especially conducive of brain plasticity and was found to increase PFC activity. Also, in this context of incentive provision, we will note the time-old tradition of providing children with reinforcement and reward while they engage in learning.
Understanding the conditions for inducing plasticity
When, in the life span is the brain most likely to change when exposed to stimulation in the environment? It seems that plasticity patterns are different at different ages and much is still unknown regarding the interaction between the type of plasticity-inducing activity and the age of the subject. Nevertheless, we know that intellectual and mental activity induce brain plasticity when applied to healthy older adults or to older adults with a neurodegenerative disorder. More importantly, it appears that the brain is amenable to both positive and negative change even before the organism's birth. Animal studies show that when pregnant mothers are placed in enriched and stimulating environments, the offspring's synapse number increase in specific brain regions. Conversely, when light stress is applied to the pregnant mothers, her offspring later displayed a reduced PFC number of neurons. In addition, it appears that the PFC is more responsive to environmental influences than the rest of the brain. These findings have important implications for the "nature" vs. "nurture" debate, as it would appear that "nurture" may induce changes in neuronal gene expression. How does brain plasticity evolve and what is the effect of the length of time environmental stimulation is applied? This is a very important question for therapeutic issues and genetic animal research offers the very seminal answers that some genes are affected at even the shortest stimulation span, additional genes continue to be affected with longer stimulation span, while yet others undergo no change at all or reverse the changing trend. Although the mainstream use of the word plasticity carries a positive connotation, plasticity refers to all the ways the brain changes, and some of the changes may co-occur with impaired function and behavior. Cognitive training seems ideal for inducing cerebral plasticity. It provides the systematic practice necessary for establishing new neural circuits and for strengthening the synaptic connections among the neurons in the circuit. However, as we have seen, in the absence of a tangible behavioral benefit, the brain will not learn effectively.
Thus, the importance of integrating highly personalized and relevant goals with the training cannot be overstated
We learn to spell by placing in a column five words of similar length and sound and sometimes an extra word to test our memory. You must use your brain and think of its health. You have to think in terms of memory loss, your brains health and as well, the ability to check your spelling [spell check or spell bee]. Take another look at those brain pictures . But what is memory. What is Short Term Memory STM as defined for the first time by the man Miller at the University of Purdue. Here they pursue the study of memory almost every year often telling their PhD students to study variations of words and seeing how the public to responds onlineto their interractive simple tests .What kinds of words or parts of words and how many or much can be recalled . It doesnt matter to us, beyond getting the bigger picture, except to say that the words tested are, according to Heidelberg University stored in the stuff that makes the building blocks of our cells including Brain cells. This is called RNA and DNA and the neuroscientists and Cognitive psychologists tell us the that different parts of the brain using the memories in the RNA and DNA interreact and store these words or pictures . Thus this can be Short Term STM and Long Term LTM memory. Which areas of the brain carry out this storage is known but new areas are discovered everyday . Science is discovering new features of how , what why and where of these parts of the brain and doing away with older ideas. Lets look again at defining or discovering our memory being Short Term memory STM It is defined here by psychologists and this is the original logic of Miller of Purdue University It is [in the discovery of STM] recognised by the eg John Hopkins team who in their turn discovered the attack on the brain structures and hence RNA and DNA by the amyloid plaque and this being cause of Alzheimers This John Hopkins team recognises as valid the study or Logic by Miller and and the fact that memory drops off after so many seconds [decays]
http://www.oocities.org/mcarlbev/index1f.html
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Look HERE
LOOK LOOK
LOOK
THIS IS ORIGINAL Lifescience (Giannotsus programs with really good demos. They do help you and you can use them The Giannotsus programs and themselves were the leaders along with Bracy with cognitive rehabilitation and included testing eg for motor vehicle driving etc in New York . Their programs are used world wide so do not be decieved by their apparrent simplicity These are world authorities in testing)) ))
COGREHAB Computer Programs for Cognitive Rehabilitation
COGREHAB - XP Computer Programs for Cognitive Rehabilitation
Click Click Click Goto now
http://sites.google.com/site/cogrehab/Home
See also Neuropsych/Memory on the left menu list for a set Get Sharp, Stay Sharp. These are
Cognitive Fitness exercises.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
.We start with the simplest words.You might look through the dictionary or any book of words such as, memory loss, or even the billboards and find for example:fan It's those extra words that start to test anyones memory.Your list of five words will eventually include words like brought bought caught court now the fifth word is hard to find. Can you find one word to make up the five? Can you at the end of the day spell each group of words unaided..
TRY THIS FROM "AOL online". It is American USA SAT vocabularly tests--DO NOT TAKE FRIGHT HERE---JUST HAVE A LOOK AND RETURN IF YOU LIKE--IT TESTS MEMORY IN SOME WAY AND LITERACY/ILLITERACY??--DONT LOOSE FOCUS--USE THE DOWNLOADS--BUT THIS CAN HELP --BUT IS COMPLEX--ONLINE http://www.vocabulary.com now AND AGAIN READING IS SAID TO BE CALLED A THING KNOWN AS "GUESSING" [They call it psycholinguistic guessing ] This involves phonics and phonemes which will be expanded upon. SOME ACADEMICS SAY THAT THE PERSON HAVING PROBLEMS WITH READING ACTUALLY FUNCTION USING THE OTHER SIDE OF THE BRAIN TO WHAT IS USED IN THE USUAL LEARNING MEMORISING PROCESS [ALWAYS REMEMBERING THAT LATEST RESEARCH SAYS THAT WHERE THE BRAIN PROCESSES WORDS DIFFERS AS THE PERSON AGES AND GOES TO UNEXPECTED PLACES IN THE BRAIN . THAT IS EG THE SITE OF THE BRAIN THAT MIGHT BE FOR "EXCITEMENT" PROCESSES THE WORDS SEEN OR SPOKEN WHEN IN FACT IT IS NOT MEANT TO. THIS CHANGING PLACES OF THE PARTS OF THE BRAIN USED IN PROCESSING WORDS GOES ON UNTIL FINAL MATURITY AT ABOUT AGE 27 TO 30 YEARS, WHEN IT SETTLES DOWN INTO THE USUALLY UNDERSTOOD BY OLDER THEORYS PLACES IN THE BRAIN THAT ARE EXPECTED TO PROCESS THE WORDS --THIS IS WORLD BREAKING RESEARCH AND COUNTS AS ONE OF THE MAJOR DISCOVERIES OF OUR TIMES ] ---//// --Take a look now at a site that offers alternative learning process and explains its why's and how's very well
Watch how these people logically explain. BUT DO REMEMBER THAT THE BRAIN SHOULD ONLY RECALL ABOUT 7 EASY WORDS MAXIMUM AND FIVE ON AVERAGE [ as discovered and experimented with at Purdue University USA ] This is the site that offers this alternative way. HERE http://www.makingthegrade.net HERE And take a look here at the PHONETIC way of thinking and societal effects OF ILLITERACY as viewed in New England Medical Journal http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp058328 NOW--Take a look at that plaque called amyloid [see picture above] which helps to cause Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Huntingtons diseases . memorise literacy Plaque brain
In August 2002 MSN.COM put the latest research on its frontpage. The research was about a test for Alzheimers Disease [or even just forgetting] and stated that the best way to test for the Alzheimers Disease was to use verbal [spoken] words The test involved asking a person to remember [ , memory loss, ] 15 words and recall those words 20 minutes later. This test is the California Verbal Test. It is a little tough In some way this California Verbal Test contradicts the idea seen and published in Time May 2001 where Nuns who were shown to have Alzheimer related brain cells [they allowed research on their brain after they died at an old age] The nuns were shown they volunteered] to remember words and data despite their having Alzheimers. That Verbal test report by MSN was first published possibly in Nature magazine[online] but as seen was on frontpage at MSN.com. It goes to show though, that the simple spelling tester[above] and software like memotest.zip etc here on this page and next does help Now refer to the original site above re online testing [shutdown]and mentioned above. This university site discusses this kind of testing in simple terms eg words of similar sounds are harder to remember when spoken or written near one another, or words with many many consonants increase the degree of difficulty of being able to remember a word [the actual test online is not available but see explanation at site --other more complex tests are seen but ignore Just read explanation and explore this place]. Similarly Nature magazine has published an article by British scientists who in turn say we can regenerate brain cells by making our brains work at mental [can be combined with physical] work eg learning something or a course or a spelling list over a period of time, though the suggestion is that we need to be doing something that motivates us such as a course or something similar. As well clik onto "life Science Asoociates" on this page and also[separately] download psychprac.zip from ftp to test yourself [repeat "psychprac.zip" from ftp search at http://www.ftpsearchengines.com ftpsearchengines.com CLIQQQ NOW and "cogdemo.zip" from Lifescience Associates]. http://zone.msn.com/en/root/default.htm type in zone.msn.com/en/root Clikq Now Games 47 of them at MSN-- but get downloads first and visit sites
advert begins
http://websitesubmit.hypermart.net/free/submit.cgi
http://www.addme.com/submission/free-submission-start.php">Search
manually submit free to over 150 sites and check your website or create eg meta tags with latests ideas. Very Smart Ckick Here http://submission.beamed.com/submit/index.shtml
Everthing for your website including CNN News etc etc weather etc and then more
http://www.trafficzap.com/webmasters.php
advert en